Gross Domestic Product Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the total output of goods and services for final use occurring within the domestic territory of a given country, regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims. Gross domestic product at purchaser values (market prices) is the sum of gross value added by allresident and nonresident producers in the economy plus any taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. The gross domestic product estimates at purchaser values (market prices) are in constant 1995 U.S. dollars and are the sum of GDP at purchaser values (value added in
theagriculture, industry, and services sectors) and indirect taxes, less subsidies. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets orfor depletion and degradation of natural resources. Value added is the net output of an industry after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediateinputs. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) revision 3. View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=220&themeid=5Gross Domestic Product (GDP), PPP is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rates. An internationaldollar has the same purchasing power in a given country as a United States Dollar in the United States. In other words, it buys an equivalent amount of goodsor services in that country. Data has not been adjusted to a constant year.View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=222&themeid=5Gross National Income or GNI, current dollars is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in thevaluation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. In other words, GNI measures the total income of all people who are citizens of a particular country while GDP (gross domestic product) measures the total output of all persons living in thatparticular country’s borders.View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=223&themeid=5Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, constant 1995 dollars measures the total output per person of goods and services for final use occurring withinthe domestic territory of a given country. Output is measured regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims. View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=640&themeid=5Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, PPP is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rates, anddivided by the population of the country that year. An international dollar has the same purchasing power in a given country as a United States Dollar in the United States. In other words, it buys an equivalent amount of goods or services in that country.View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=225&themeid=5Average annual growth in Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the annual growth in GDP of a particular country from one year to the next. GDP per capita, annual growth measures the annual growth in GDP per person of a particular country from one year to the next. View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=641&themeid=5Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Percent from Agriculture measures the percent of total output of goods and services which are a result of value added by the agriculture sector. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) revision 3. Agriculturecorresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes forestry and fishing. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Percent from Industry measures the percent of totaloutput of goods and services which are a result of value added by the industrial sector. Industry corresponds to ISIC divisions 10-45 and includesmanufacturing (ISIC divisions 15-37). It comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction, electricity, © EarthTrends 2003. All rights reserved. Fair use is permitted on a limited scale and for educational purposes.page 3
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water, and gas. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Percent from Services measures the percent of total output of goods and services which are a result ofvalue added by the service sector. Services correspond to ISIC divisions 50-99 and they include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. Also includedare imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling.View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=214&themeid=5International Trade Exports and Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to or received from the rest of the world.They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude labor and property income (formerly called factor services) as well as transfer payments. View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=240&themeid=5Exports as a percent of GDP is calculated by dividing Exports of Goods and Services for a given country by the Gross Domestic Product (constant 1995 dollars) of that country for a given year.View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=658&themeid=5Balance of trade is the net exports (exports minus imports) of goods and services for a particular country. It includes all transactions between residents of acountry and the rest of the world involving a change in ownership of general merchandise, goods sent for processing and repairs, nonmonetary gold, and services. Data are in current U.S. dollars. If a country’s exports exceed its imports, it has a trade surplus and the trade balance is said to be positive. If importsexceed exports, the country has a trade deficit and its trade balance is said to be negative. View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=716&themeid=5Official Development Assistance (ODA ) and Financial FlowsOfficial development assistance records the amount of international aid received by a country. It refers to the actual international transfer by the donor offinancial resources or of goods or services valued at the cost to the donor, less any repayments of loan principal during the same period. Grants by officialagencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee are included, as are loans with a grant element of at least 25 percent, and technical cooperation and assistance. Data are in current U.S. dollars and dollar exchange rates. View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=218&themeid=5Official development assistance per capita records the amount of international aid received per capita. View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=244&themeid=5Current account balance is the sum of net exports of goods, services, net income, and net current transfers. Data are in current U.S. dollars. The data on current account balances are based on balance of payments data reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in their Balance of Payment and International Financial Statistics databases, supplanted by estimates by World Bank staff for countries whose national accounts are recorded in fiscal years andcountries for which the IMF does not collect balance of payments statistics. In addition, World Bank staff make estimates of missing data for the most recentyear. More information on balance of payments can be found in the fifth edition of the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual 1993 (available online at© EarthTrends 2003. All rights reserved. Fair use is permitted on a limited scale and for educational purposes.page 4
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http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/bop/BOPman.pdf). The World Bank acquires data with the IMF through electronic files that in most cases are more timelyand cover a longer period than the published sources. World Resources Institute downloads data in electronic form directly from the World Bank.View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=657&themeid=5Total external debt is debt owed to nonresidents of a country repayable in foreign currency, goods, or services. It is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private non-guaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt. Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one yearor less and interest in arrears on long-term debt. Long-term debt includes all debt having a maturity of more than one year. View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=229&themeid=5Total debt service as a percent of export earnings (in foreign currencies, goods, and services) comprises interest payments and principal repaymentsmade on the disbursed long-term public debt and private, non-guaranteed debt, International Monetary Fund (IMF) debt repurchases, IMF charges, and interest payments on short-term debt. Total debt service is the sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in foreign currency, goods, or serviceson long-term debt, interest paid on short-term debt, and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the IMF.View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=248&themeid=5Foreign direct investment is net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterpriseoperating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short termcapital, as shown in the balance of payments. Data are in current U.S. dollars. View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=250&themeid=5International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. Figuresare in current U.S. dollars.View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=252&themeid=5National Savings (as a percent of Gross National Income) Gross national savings is equal to gross domestic savings (gross domestic product minus final consumption) plus net income and net current transfers fromabroad. The United Nations system of national accounts defines gross national income as "the aggregate value of the balances of gross primary incomes forall sectors; (gross national income is identical to gross national product (GNP) as hitherto understood in national accounts generally.)" View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=588&themeid=5Net national savings is equal to gross national savings minus the value of consumption of fixed capital (the replacement value of capital used up in the process of production.) View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=589&themeid=5Adjusted net savings attempts to measure the "true" rate of savings of a country's economy by taking into account human capital, depletion of naturalresources, and the damages of pollution in addition to standard economic savings measures. Adjusted net savings is calculated by the World Bank by thefollowing formula:NAS = ( GNS – Dh + CSE – S R n,i – CD ) / GNIWhere NAS = Net Adjusted Savings Rate GNS = Gross National Saving© EarthTrends 2003. All rights reserved. Fair use is permitted on a limited scale and for educational purposes.page 5
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Dh = Depreciation of produced capital CSE = Current (non- fixed-capital) expenditure on education R n,i= Rent from depletion of natural capital CD = Damages from carbon dioxide emissions GNI = Gross National Income at Market PricesView full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=590&themeid=5Income Distribution The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or in some cases consumption expenditure) among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index score of zero implies perfect equality while a score of one hundred implies perfectinequality. View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=353&themeid=5Share of total income, lowest 20% is equal to the percentage share of all income in a given country which is earned by the poorest fifth of the population.View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=354&themeid=5Share of total income, highest 20% is equal to the percentage share of all income in a given country which is earned by the richest fifth of the population.View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=358&themeid=5The National Poverty Rate is the percent of the population of a country which earns less than that country’s national poverty line. The National Poverty Rate, Urban is the percent of the urban population of a country which earns less than that country’s national poverty line.These poverty measures are based on surveys conducted mostly between 1990 and 2000, prepared by the World Bank’s Development Research Group.National poverty lines are based on the Bank’s country poverty assessments. View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=362&themeid=5Poverty: Population living below $1/day is the percent of the population of a country living on less than $1.08 a day at 1993 international prices, (equivalent to $1 in 1985 prices, adjusted for purchasing power parity). Poverty: Population living below $2/day is the percent of the population of a country living on less than $2.15 a day at 1993 international prices, (equivalent to $2 in 1985 prices, adjusted for purchasing power parity). These poverty measures are based on surveys conducted mostly between 1994 and 1999, prepared by the World Bank’s Development Research Group. The internationalpoverty lines are based on nationally representative primary household surveys conducted by national statistical offices or by private agencies under the supervision of government or international agencies and obtained from government statistical offices and World Bank country departments.View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=359&themeid=5Sources: Development Data Group, The World Bank. 2002. World Development Indicators 2002 online (seehttp://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product?item_id=631625) Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.© EarthTrends 2003. All rights reserved. Fair use is permitted on a limited scale and for educational purposes.page 6
Friday, December 5, 2008
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